Automatic Ticketing System and Transport Globally

Question: Discuss about the Automatic Ticketing System and Transport Globally. Answer: Introduction: In the present time, increase in population has also increases the pressure on the transport department as they have to carry more people towards the desired destination respectively. In addition, people also have become more conscious to have value of a journey so that they can able to receive benefits equivalent to the fare price (Ferreira et al. 2013). It has induced transport authorities to initiate several strategies so that people can able to receive best possible services at the time of availing transport services. Automatic ticket collection system has also introduced in order to provide fare treatment to all the passengers. It has also has been developed with an objective to reduce the journey time of the people. However, the introduction of automatic ticketing system also has several challenges that transport authority has faced in past few years. In this research, the focus will be on different positive and negative aspect of automatic ticketing system. The research will a lso provide prime focus on Opal ticketing system that has introduced smartcard ticketing system for public transport sector. The Opal ticketing system is managed by government of New South Wales that includes transport medium like rail, light rail, bus and ferry services (Pasha et al. 2012). In this research, the focus will be on highlighting the positive and negative aspect of opal ticketing system or automatic ticketing system compared to manual process. The research will also try to identify the best possible way to utilize automatic ticketing system in future as well. Benefits of automatic ticketing system: As per the article by Chandra, Prakash and Lamdharia (2013) automatic ticketing system is now used primary form of payment and ticketing for travelling on public transport system in the urban areas. It has introduced by the transport authority to handle the extra pressure on transport on peak time. As opined by Nakfoor et al. (2012) automatic ticketing system has reduced the time taken to develop a ticket for particular personnel. Therefore, it has reduced the amount of difficulties that traveller has to face at the time of availing public transport services. As opined by Bhuvaneswari et al. (2013) automatic ticketing system also has reduced the confusion among the passengers regarding the payment charges of the travel. For instance, Opal ticketing system has developed unique identification number of each card so that passengers can be recognized accordingly. Furthermore, Opal ticketing system also communicates with the customers through channels so that they do not have to face any difficulties at the time of travelling. As per the article by Chidlovskii and Paredes (2014), automatic ticketing system helps government to develop database regarding the kind of revenue has been collected through the public transport medium. Therefore, it has also helped the government to collect taxes from the public transport sector in a much more effective way. Cost of automatic ticketing system: Isern-Dey et al. (2013) have highlighted several challenges that implementation of automatic ticketing system will create for the transport authority. Firstly, utilization of automatic ticketing system requires huge amount of investment from the transport authority for developing effective software that is capable of providing accurate ticket. As a result, it reduces the revenue of the transport authority drastically (Ahmed et al. 2015). Secondly, it also takes time for people to get accustomed with the newly implemented system. Therefore, it initially increases the possibility of miscommunication regarding the way of collecting tickets (Shiibashi and Mori 2014). Thus, public transport authority will have to provide enough guidance to all the passengers regarding the way of collecting ticket. It will induce transport authority to recruit more people to handle the rush in a proper way. Therefore, it eventually will increase the operating cost for the transport sector. As per the artic le by Tang et al. (2013) automatic ticketing system heavily depends on technology. Therefore, any malfunction in the technological system will create huge amount of difficulties for the passengers. In case of opal card system, it has been identified that several child and youth are availing the transport services without having a registered card. Therefore, it also has reduced the amount of revenue that transport authority can collect through the utilization of automatic ticketing system (Casals et al. 2014). Utilization of personal information for the development of automatic ticketing system also will increase the possibility miss-utilization of personal information. Thus, it will also induce transport authority to implement more security system so that personal information of the people remains intact. However, Chandra, Soni and Keshari (2014) have highlighted that use of automatic ticketing system is still restricted at the urban areas. As transport pressure is much higher in th e urban areas, automatic ticketing system has helped to handle the pressure in an effective way. On the other hand, use of automatic ticketing system is still not as much popular in the rural areas. Literature gap: The above discussion has highlighted that automatic ticketing system is still relatively new concept that includes both positive and negative aspect. Therefore, no unique technique has been developed for successful utilization of automatic ticketing system. Thus, the research study will try to evaluate both positive and negative aspect of the automatic ticketing system so that it can able to fulfil all the objectives of the research study in an appropriate manner. Research questions: Questions regarding the cost and benefits of the automatic ticketing system are as follows: What are the prime benefits of automatic ticketing system in public transport sector? What are the costs of automatic ticketing system in public transport sector? How automatic ticketing system can be used in a much more effective manner? How automatic ticketing system impacts on users in the urban areas? Research methodologies: As opined by Anand et al. (2013) research methodology plays crucial role in fulfilling all the objectives of the research study in an appropriate manner. Research methodology allows the study to implement a systematic procedure so that it can able to deliver desired outcome. In order to analyse the effectiveness of automatic ticketing system, research study will use positivism research philosophy, deductive research approach and descriptive research design. The study will focus on the utilization of the mentioned technique as it has the capability of capturing effective information regarding the topic of the study. Furthermore, the study will also utilize effective data analysis technique so that outcome of the study can able to fulfil all the requirements in an appropriate manner. Research philosophy: Philosophy of the research provides tools to enhance the quality of the information regarding the topic of the research study. The research philosophy has three parts including realism, positivism and interpretivism (Vuleti?, Vuleta?Radoi?i? and Kalogeras 2015). In order to evaluate automatic ticketing system, the research study will focus on the positivism research philosophy, as it will help to collect in-depth information regarding the implementation of automatic ticketing system. It also will help to capture hidden information on automatic ticketing system and its impact of the people who are looking to avail public transport on regular basis (Moshir et al. 2013). On the other hand, the research study will not consider other research philosophies, as it will enhance the required time for completing the research study in an appropriate manner. Research Approach: Research approach is implemented in the study to enhance the required format to be involved. Primarily, two basic research approaches are present namely deductive approach and inductive approach. In order to analyse cost and benefits of automatic ticketing system, deductive research approach will be selected. The study will select deductive approach as it will help to include several types of journals and theories so that it can able to fulfil all the requirements in an appropriate manner (Morris et al. 2015). Therefore, utilization of deductive approach will help to increase the value of the research study in an appropriate manner. On the other hand, the research study will not utilize inductive approach, as the study does not require introduction of any new concept. Research design: Research design helps to improve the evaluation framework regarding the topic of the research. It also helps to capture appropriate data so that it can able to fulfil all the requirements in an appropriate manner. Three types of design are there including exploratory design, descriptive design and explanatory design (Silverman 2016). In order to analyse all aspect of automatic ticketing system, the research study will focus on utilization of descriptive research design. The study will focus on descriptive research design, as it will help to define theories and approaches in an effective manner. It also helps to include more detailed assessment regarding the topic of the research study. Utilization of descriptive research design provides more close analysis, which will help to fulfil all the requirement of the research study in an appropriate manner. Gantt chart: Activities Week 1-2 Week 3-5 Week 6 Week 7-9 Week 10 Week 11-12 Week 13-14 Research topic Selection Developing layout Literature review Development of the research plan Selection of the research process Selection of data collection technique Selection of data analysis technique Findings of the Data Conclusion of the Study Final Submission Table 1: Gantt chart (Source: As created by the author) Research process: As per the article by Makihara et al. (2016) selection of research process is very important in order to fulfil all the requirements of the research topic. In this particular research study, systematic procedure will have to follow in order to fulfil all the objectives in an appropriate manner. Firstly, the topic of the research has been selected after considering several other topics based on the relevancy in current society. Secondly, the research has focused on the evaluation of several previous research studies so that it can able to develop the literature review in an effective manner. The literature review section has tried to include as many previous studies as possible in order to make it much more critical. Thirdly, the research study has developed research questions in order to channel the entire study to a particular direction. The study has developed research questions regarding the present challenges that automatic ticketing system is facing in the recent time. Furthermo re, the research study has tried to develop questions in such a way so that it can able to cover all aspects of the research topic in an appropriate manner. Fourthly, the research study will also focus on the proper utilization of research methodology techniques. The study will segregate the entire research study into different parts so that it can cover all areas of the study. The research methodology will be developed on the selection of research philosophy, research approach and research design that helps the entire study to move forward to a particular direction. Fifthly, the research study will focus on the selection of data collection and data analysis technique, as it is necessary to complete the entire study in an effective manner. The research study will consider different types of data collection procedure in order to fulfil all the objectives. Finally, the research study will focus on the evaluation of the outcome of the research study in order to identify the kind of ben efits in can provide to the concerned authority. Data collection and analysis process: As opined by Ardhito and Girsang (2016) proper utilization of data collection and analysis techniques are necessary in order to fulfil all the requirements of the research study in an effective manner. Generally, secondary and primary are the two types of data collection are used in the research study. However, due to lack of time, only primary data collection technique will be utilized in this particular study. The research study has selected primary data collection technique for the evaluation automatic ticketing system, as it will help the study to include practical perspectives. Furthermore, in order to evaluate automatic ticketing system, both qualitative and quantitative data collection technique will be utilized by the research study. The study will select 90 daily public transport passengers for the collection of quantitative data. The research study will focus on developing questionnaire with closed-end questions so that the captured information can provide an indication reg arding the topic of the research study. On the other hand, 15 public transport authority managers will selected for the collection of qualitative data regarding the topic of the research study. Internet as well as social media platform will be selected for the effective collection of quantitative data whereas face-to-face conversation mode will be selected to gather in-depth information regarding the advantages and disadvantages of implementing automatic ticketing system. The research study will consider several types of statistical tools and techniques for the effective analysis of collected data regarding automatic ticketing system. For instance, the research study will utilize mean, median, mode techniques at the time of analysing the collected data. Furthermore, the research study will also use correlation and regression technique, as it will help to enhance the value of the study. Expected research outcomes: From the above discussion, it can be assessed that the research study will able to depict the kind of benefits that it can able to provide for effective management of transport system. It is also expected that the research study will evaluate that automatic ticketing system is a future techniques which will have to be implemented in an appropriate manner. The study will also expected to depict the best possible way to reduce the adverse impact of automatic ticketing system so that people can avail public transport services in a much more effective manner. References: Ahmed, S.H., Yaqub, M.A., Bouk, S.H. and Kim, D., 2015, July. Towards content-centric traffic ticketing in VANETs: An application perspective. In2015 Seventh International Conference on Ubiquitous and Future Networks(pp. 237-239). IEEE. 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